DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.12.022
Scopus记录号: 2-s2.0-85041707210
论文题名: Health risks from exposure to Legionella in reclaimed water aerosols: Toilet flushing, spray irrigation, and cooling towers
作者: Hamilton K.A. ; Hamilton M.T. ; Johnson W. ; Jjemba P. ; Bukhari Z. ; LeChevallier M. ; Haas C.N.
刊名: Water Research
ISSN: 431354
出版年: 2018
卷: 134 起始页码: 261
结束页码: 279
语种: 英语
英文关键词: Cooling towers
; Legionella pneumophila
; Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA)
; Reclaimed water
; Spray irrigation
; Toilet flushing
Scopus关键词: Aerosols
; Cooling
; Cooling towers
; Polymerase chain reaction
; Reclamation
; Risk assessment
; Risk perception
; Sensitivity analysis
; Sprinkler systems (irrigation)
; Water quality
; Water supply
; Legionella pneumophila
; Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA)
; Re-claimed water
; Spray irrigation
; Toilet flushing
; Health risks
; ethidium
; water
; water
; aerosol
; bacterium
; equipment
; flushing
; health risk
; irrigation
; pollution exposure
; quantitative analysis
; risk assessment
; sustainability
; water quality
; waterborne disease
; aerosol
; Article
; atmospheric dispersion
; cooling tower
; dose response
; health hazard
; humidity
; infection risk
; Legionella
; meteorology
; Monte Carlo method
; polymerase chain reaction
; priority journal
; risk assessment
; sensitivity analysis
; solar radiation
; United States
; analysis
; environmental monitoring
; genetics
; human
; irrigation (agriculture)
; isolation and purification
; Legionella pneumophila
; legionnaire disease
; microbiology
; real time polymerase chain reaction
; recycling
; sanitation
; United States
; Legionella
; Legionella pneumophila
; Aerosols
; Agricultural Irrigation
; Environmental Monitoring
; Humans
; Legionella pneumophila
; Legionellosis
; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
; Recycling
; Risk Assessment
; Toilet Facilities
; Water
; Water Microbiology
英文摘要: The use of reclaimed water brings new challenges for the water industry in terms of maintaining water quality while increasing sustainability. Increased attention has been devoted to opportunistic pathogens, especially Legionella pneumophila, due to its growing importance as a portion of the waterborne disease burden in the United States. Infection occurs when a person inhales a mist containing Legionella bacteria. The top three uses for reclaimed water (cooling towers, spray irrigation, and toilet flushing) that generate aerosols were evaluated for Legionella health risks in reclaimed water using quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). Risks are compared using data from nineteen United States reclaimed water utilities measured with culture-based methods, quantitative PCR (qPCR), and ethidium-monoazide-qPCR. Median toilet flushing annual infection risks exceeded 10−4 considering multiple toilet types, while median clinical severity infection risks did not exceed this value. Sprinkler and cooling tower risks varied depending on meteorological conditions and operational characteristics such as drift eliminator performance. However, the greatest differences between risk scenarios were due to 1) the dose response model used (infection or clinical severity infection) 2) population at risk considered (residential or occupational) and 3) differences in laboratory analytical method. Theoretical setback distances necessary to achieve a median annual infection risk level of 10−4 are proposed for spray irrigation and cooling towers. In both cooling tower and sprinkler cases, Legionella infection risks were non-trivial at potentially large setback distances, and indicate other simultaneous management practices could be needed to manage risks. The sensitivity analysis indicated that the most influential factors for variability in risks were the concentration of Legionella and aerosol partitioning and/or efficiency across all models, highlighting the importance of strategies to manage Legionella occurrence in reclaimed water. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd Citation statistics:
资源类型: 期刊论文
标识符: http://119.78.100.158/handle/2HF3EXSE/112909
Appears in Collections: 气候减缓与适应
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作者单位: Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, United States; American Water Research Laboratory, 213 Carriage Lane, Delran, New Jersey 08075, United States
Recommended Citation:
Hamilton K.A.,Hamilton M.T.,Johnson W.,et al. Health risks from exposure to Legionella in reclaimed water aerosols: Toilet flushing, spray irrigation, and cooling towers[J]. Water Research,2018-01-01,134