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The knowledge of climatic and environmental changes at the onset of the Holocene and its impact on human populations and cultures is key for the understanding of their both past and future evolution. In this sense, the study through trenching and cores of the Holocene archaeosedimentary record in the surroundings of the Los Cascajos Neolithic archaeological site (Los Arcos, Navarra), provides valuable information not only for the establishment of the environmental evolution of this area, but also for the knowledge of the activities that the inhabitants of the settlement developed in the Odron riverbanks. In this work the results of the stratigraphic, sedimentological and geochemical study (XRF-CS) of the LAC1 core are presented. The obtained data denote a trend towards long term aridification throughout the Holocene, recorded by an aggradation-incision cycle in the fluvial evolution of the Odron River. In the fluvial sedimentary record, anthropic activity proxies coetaneous to Los Cascajos settlement are also detected during a relatively more humid period than nowadays, this fact evidences the subsequent aridification of this area of the Ebro valley along the late Holocene (Meghalayan).