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Changes in global fire activity are influenced by a multitude of factors including land-cover change, policies, and climatic conditions. This study uses 17 climate models to evaluate when changes in fire weather, as realized through the Fire Weather Index, emerge from the expected range of internal variability due to anthropogenic climate change using the time of emergence framework. Anthropogenic increases in extreme Fire Weather Index days emerge for 22% of burnable land area globally by 2019, including much of the Mediterranean and the Amazon. By the midtwenty-first century, emergence among the different Fire Weather Index metrics occurs for 33-62% of burnable lands. Emergence of heightened fire weather becomes more widespread as a function of global temperature change. At 2 degrees C above preindustrial levels, the area of emergence is half that for 3 degrees C. These results highlight increases in fire weather conditions with human-caused climate change and incentivize local adaptation efforts to limit detrimental fire impacts.

Plain Language Summary Observed increases in the frequency and severity of fire weather have been observed across portions of the globe over the past half century. We used climate models to identify where and when anthropogenic climate change causes fire weather conditions to exceed that of natural variability. Modeling results show that emergence for some fire weather indices is already under way for a sizable portion of the globe, including much of southern Europe and the Amazon, and with an expansion of this area with continued warming over the twenty-first century. These findings suggest substantial increases in fire potential in regions where vegetation abundance and ignitions are not limiting, highlighting the urgency to adapt to changes in fire disturbances and hazards.