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The mountainous region affected by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake was frequently analyzed to assess its vegetation recovery. However, the dynamic of surface thermal environment was rarely investigated but directly influenced local geophysical and biophysical processes. Under this background, this research aimed to analyze the trend of surface temperature based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer daily land surface temperature product from 2000 to 2017 and understand its change mechanism. An annual temperature cycle model was applied to obtain the daytime and nighttime annual cycle parameters (ACPs), including mean annual surface temperature (MAST), yearly amplitude of surface temperature, and phase shift. The trend analysis with the Mann-Kendall test illustrated the strong inverse relationship between the two ACPs (MAST and yearly amplitude of surface temperature) and elevation, and the nighttime terms showed a stronger connection than those of the daytime. The areas with significant decreases in vegetation coverage induced by the earthquake exhibited an obvious upward trend in daytime MAST and annual maximum temperature, while the vegetation improved areas presented a cooling effect. Comparatively, the nighttime ACPs was little sensitive to vegetation change and the change magnitude was relatively small. For the high mountain area, with the shrinkage of snow cover duration, the global warming effect resulted in a warming trend by increasing the annual minimum temperature at both the daytime and nighttime. Overall, this study provided insights to the impact of the earthquake to mountain thermal environment and its different responses to changes in vegetation cover and climatic environment.