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A balanced panel of 103 countries for the period 1995-2011 is introduced into a metafrontier framework to gain insight into the idiosyncratic performance of countries in two distinct groups - developed (Annex 1) countries and developing (non-Annex I) countries. We measure efficiency using a generalized directional distance function model suitable for dealing with anthropogenic emissions. The measurement of efficiency and technology gaps takes into account the group-specific heterogeneity. Moreover, we examine the convergence-divergence hypothesis for the technology gaps defined for each period. Our findings reveal significant patterns between the groups and among countries. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.