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This paper initially reviews the occurrence of clones in nature, through geological history to the present day. Studies of the current natural population structure of Picea abies are reviewed as a background to assessing the ecological threats associated with somatic embryogenesis (SE) of the major commercial tree in Scandinavia. These threats are judged as most likely to result from (a) loss of genetic diversity, (b) loss of adaptation of tree populations, and (c) changes in other components of the ecosystem due to genetic changes of the dominant forest tree. Particular attention is given to the potential effects of SE on altered risk of impact from biotic damaging agents and effects on other species. The potential effects of SE on ecosystem services are discussed. The chapter ends with management recommendations.