Global freshwater vulnerability is a product of environmental and human dimensions, however, it is rarely assessed as such. Our approach identifies freshwater vulnerability using four broad categories: endowment, demand, infrastructure, and institutions, to capture impacts on natural and managed water systems within the coupled human–hydrologic environment. These categories are represented by 19 different endogenous and exogenous characteristics affecting water supply vulnerability. By evaluating 119 lower per capita income countries (<$10 725), we find that every nation experiences some form of vulnerability. Institutional vulnerability is experienced most commonly, occurring in 44 nations, and 23 countries suffer deficiencies in all four categories. Of these highly vulnerable countries, Jordan is the most vulnerable, reporting the greatest number of characteristics (5 of 19) at critical vulnerability levels, with Yemen and Djibouti nearly as vulnerable. Surprising similarities in vulnerability were also found among geographically disparate nations such as Vietnam, Sri Lanka, and Guatemala. Determining shared patterns of freshwater vulnerability provides insights into why water supply vulnerabilities are manifested in human–water systems at the national scale.
Center for Environmental Research, Education and Outreach, Washington State University, Pullman WA, USA;State of Washington Water Research Center, Washington State University, Pullman WA, USA;Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford CA, USA;Law School and Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford CA, USA;Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, Stanford, USA;Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford CA, USA
Recommended Citation:
Julie C Padowski,Steven M Gorelick,Barton H Thompson,et al. Assessment of human–natural system characteristics influencing global freshwater supply vulnerability[J]. Environmental Research Letters,2015-01-01,10(10)