Ips amitinus arrived in Northern Europe at the beginning of 1900s, although its recent expansions to the northernmost conifers have been rapid. Analyses of recent records, MaxEnt models and regional population size estimates are used to discuss its peculiar range shifts and potential as a forest pest in Northern Europe. Ips amitinus was probably absent in northern glacial refugia for Norway spruce in the Russian plain and northward expansions from its glacial refugia in the Central European mountains may have been slowed down by: (i) ecological barriers of post-glacial dry plains and bogs in Central Europe; (ii) heavy utilization of conifers; and (iii) Allee effects as a result of fragmented forests and an unfavourable climate for a cold-adapted species in the continental lowlands. MaxEnt models predict that I. amitinus may become widespread in the Northern European forests, whereas its populations in the southernmost mountain ranges of Europe may decline in the future. The population levels of I. amitinus in recently invaded northern areas are still lower than those in core areas of Central Europe, although the population development in Central Europe indicates that future bark beetle outbreak periods may boost the I. amitinus populations in Northern Europe as well.
1.Norwegian Inst Bioecon Res, POB 115, NO-1431 As, Norway 2.Norwegian Sci Comm Food & Environm, POB 222 Skoyen, N-0213 Oslo, Norway 3.Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Ecol, Box 7044, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden 4.Slovak Acad Sci, Inst Forest Ecol, L Stura 2, SK-96053 Zvolen, Slovakia 5.Univ Eastern Finland, Sch Forest Sci, Fac Sci & Forestry, POB 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland 6.Nat Resources Inst Finland, Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland 7.St Petersburg State Forest Tech Univ, Inst Skii Per 5, St Petersburg 194021, Russia 8.Tyumen State Univ, Volodarskogo St 6, Tyumen 625003, Russia 9.Nat Resources Inst Finland, Yliopistokatu 6, FI-80100 Joensuu, Finland 10.Natl Forest Ctr, Forest Res Inst Zvolen, TG Masaryka 22, Zvolen 96092, Slovakia 11.Estonian Univ Life Sci, Inst Forestry & Rural Engn, Kreutzwaldi 5, EE-51006 Tartu, Estonia
Recommended Citation:
Okland, Bjorn,Flo, Daniel,Schroeder, Martin,et al. Range expansion of the small spruce bark beetle Ips amitinus: a newcomer in northern Europe[J]. AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST ENTOMOLOGY,2019-01-01,21(3):286-298