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The infrageneric taxonomy of the genus Cephalotaxus Siebold et Zuccarini ex Endlicher (Taxaceae) is controversial as morphological characters have been doubted to change coherently among species. Although the epidermal features are considered as important characters in the taxonomy of conifers, they have not been systematically studied in this genus. Neogene foliage shoots with well-preserved epidermal structure not only can provide systematic links to the extant species, but also have implications for the taxonomical definition of the extant species by their epidermal features. In this paper, the morphologies of leafy shoots combining epidermal structure of a Neogene Cephalotaxus, which was collected from the middle Miocene of Southwest China, and ten extant species (variants) were studied. Morphology as well as epidermal structures was compared among species (variants) in Cephalotaxus. Based on the comparisons, the taxonomical definition of extant species in genus Cephalotaxus are discussed. Our results indicate that leaf morphological characters in combination with the features of epidermal structure can distinguish species in genus Cephalotaxus. The fossil foliage shoots from the middle Miocene of Southwest China were assigned to a new species, C. maguanensis n. sp., which shows close affinities to the extant C. hainanensis. On the basis of leaf and epidermal information, we suggest there are seven extant species in Cephalotaxus. With global cooling and the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau since the middle Miocene, the cooling climate induced the differentiation and southward expansions of C. maguanensis, and its extant offspring, C. hainanensis, is distributed to Hainan Island and the Indo-Chinese peninsula. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Elsevier B.V. and Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, CAS. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.