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This study was conducted to assess the vulnerability of areas allocated for sanitary landfill in Nakhon Ratchasima and for incineration in Phuket, Thailand, and to investigate the factors contributing to their vulnerability. Analysis was conducted to develop a vulnerability index using a composite index approach and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) framework approach, while correlation and t tests were applied to identify the relationships and differences between the two systems. Additionally, vulnerability indices were developed using the IPCC vulnerability definition. The results suggested that the vulnerability of the areas allocated for sanitary landfill and incineration were not significantly different. The factor that had the greatest impact on the vulnerability of the sanitary landfill was nuisance, while sub-component correlation analysis revealed that cadmium in groundwater was significantly negatively correlated with vulnerability (r = - 0.958, p < 0.05). Furthermore, the factor that had the greatest effect on vulnerability from incineration was leachate. Similarly, correlation analysis suggested that the chemical oxygen demand in leachate and solid waste residues was significantly positively correlated with vulnerability (r = 0.981, 0.975 respectively, p < .05). It is hoped that these findings can be used to establish measures for preventing environmental problems, as well as to prioritize and identify issues that need to be resolved urgently, and to help policy makers select appropriate systems for different regions of Thailand.