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The carbon sequestered in harvested wood products (HWP) can contribute to climate change mitigation. As a fast-growing country with abundant forest resources, Indonesia potentially has vast HWP carbon stocks that need to be accurately assessed as a first step towards understanding the extent of their potential contribution in climate change mitigation. In this study, a dynamic materials stock and flow analysis for carbon in wood-based products in Indonesia was conducted, covering six end-use sectors. In general, only around 30.3% of the harvested wood (carbon mass) was converted into end-use materials in 2014, indicating a significantly low harvested wood conversion rate in Indonesia. There was a significant increase of wood-based products' carbon stocks in Indonesia from 1961 to 2016. There were 72 (-17/+15) Mt-C of wood stocks in Indonesian society in 2016, or equivalent to 0.28 t-C/capita. Buildings (42%) and infrastructure (31%) were the largest contributors to in-use carbon stocks. The product lifetime uncertainty had a significant influence on the estimate of total society's wood-based carbon stock. Indonesia's in-use stock of wood-based products in 2008 was below its stock level of steel (1.2 times smaller) and cement (5.3 times smaller). Both wood-steel and wood-cement stock ratios showed declining trends, indicating a shifting trend to non-renewable materials use over the past decades. This is the first study that accounts for the in-use wood-based carbon stocks in a developing country. Its results can facilitate further quantitative environmental assessments of non-renewable materials substitution and could help framing materials use policies for climate change mitigation.