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This research investigates the impact of land use transformation and anti-flood structural infrastructure on flood situations in four flood-prone districts of Thailand's Ayutthaya: Phra Nakhon Si Ayudhya (PNSA), Bang Ban, Phak Hai, and Sena. PNSA is a UNESCO world heritage city and the cultural and economic hub of Ayutthaya. The finding showed that a large proportion of agricultural land was converted into commercial areas to accommodate economic development and population growth. Furthermore, construction of anti-flood structure infrastructure in PNSA increased flood intensity and duration in three neighboring districts as more floodwater was diverted to the peri-urban area. In addition, this research looks into the social impacts related to land use change and anti-flood structural infrastructure.