This paper uses average daily temperature data of 1961-2010 obtained from Kuqa, Shaya and Xinhe weather stations to reveal the impact of climate warming on cotton production of Ugan-Kuqa River delta oasis. Results showed that:(1) The temperature of the research area, during recent 50 years, showed an increasing trend, the spring temperature rose by 1.75℃, the summer temperature by 1.65℃, and autumn temperature by 2.05℃; the average minimum and maximum temperature from April to October rose by 2.25℃ and 0.05℃, respectively; the average minimum and maximum temperature from May to September rose by 2.55℃, and 0.3℃, respectively; accumulated temperature (≥ 10℃) rose by 361.1℃.(2) Due to the accelerating spring warming, and slowing fall cooling, cotton sowing advanced eight days, stop growing delayed six days, and growth period extended about 14 days; As the average minimum temperature in growth period and ≥ 10℃ accumulated temperature had risen, the heat resources of cotton growth period increased, poor climatic conditions was down to the lowest, photosynthetic rate was stronger, light and temperature matching were more coordinated, so that the cotton dry matter accumulation has been effectively increased, which resulted in increasing cotton yield per unit. The cotton light and temperature potential productivity of the research area in recent 50 years increased by 18.65%, and the actual production increased by 437.38%.(3) The average cotton light and temperature potential productivity in the study area was 4238 kg/hm~2, which was 2.45 times of the average actual production. With the development of cotton farming and cultivation technology, the wide application of high-yielding cotton varieties, and the extensive use of water-saving irrigation technologies, levels of cotton light and temperature potential productivity will be higher in the future.