Detailed paleo-hydrological investigations were carried out along the Hekou-Longmen reach in the middle reaches of the Yellow River valley. Typical paleoflood slackwater deposits (SWDs) were identified at many sites along the river channel by using the sedimentological criteria. OSL and sediment samples were taken in the Fengjiaji profile (FJJ, 36°16'07"N,110°28'39"E) in the Jixian County of Shanxi Province. Both of the field observation and analytical results show that a bedset of 5 paleoflood SWDs is inserted into the profile. They consist of sandy silt with parallel beddings and they are separated by slope clastic deposit between the beds. The top of the bedset is about 18meters above the water table of the Yellow River. They were deposited by suspended sediment load of the flood slack water during the overbank flooding during the Holocene. This is the natural record of the extraordinary paleoflood events. OSL dating of the coarse quarts grains (125~225mum) was carried out by using the single aliquot regenerative-dose (SAR) protocol. The chronology framework of the paleoflood events on the Yellow River was established with a combination of the OSL dates and stratigraphic correlations. It indicates that these extraordinary plaeoflood events occurred between 3200a B. P. and 3000a B.P. It corresponds to the late period of Shang Dynasty to the early Western Zhou Dynasty. During this period, monsoonal climate shifted from mid-Holocene Climate Optimum to Late Holocene dry conditions. Very serious droughts and great floods occurred in the Yellow River basin in related to the unstable climatic conditions. These flood events are also correlated to the global climatic events during the Holocene. Our study provides new evidence to show the response of hydrological system to the global climatic change.