This review focuses on recent advances in some key areas of wheat production, namely determination of potential yield, utilization of germplasm resources, resistance to abiotic stresses, micronutrient and integrated crop management. The main opinions are as follows: Raising wheat yield in the future may rely mainly on the growth of biomass, based on which the harvest index needs to be maintained or increased as much as possible. Wheat germplasm resources are rich, including a large number of excellent genes, which can be used to improve the resistance to adversity and quality. Global warming threatens food security, thus the adaptability of wheat production to climate change needs to be improved. To improve wheat resistance to adversity, important traits including translocation of reserves, the stay-green ability, non-leaf photosynthetic property and root system configuration should be considered as well as common physiological mechanisms. The biofortification of grain micronutrient can be realized by application of fertilizers, conventional plant breeding and genetic-engineering techniques. Application of integrated wheat management can overcome the multiple limiting factors in wheat production, and high yield and efficiency can be achieved by the synergistic interaction of technologies and elements.