Based on various geological records of high-resolutions, this project aims at addressing the climate and environmental histories in China since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and human impacts on the Holocene environmental changes. Significant progresses have been obtained with regards to the impacts of past temperature changes to Asian monsoon and to the arid/semi-arid ecosystems in China. The results also suggest that changes in the concentrations of greenhouse gases in the pre-industrial era were mainly attributable to natural driven forces although early agriculture had significantly affected the landscapes.