Dioecious plants play an important role in maintaining terrestrial ecosystem stability and biodiversity conservation. So far, environmental degradations caused by human disturbance seriously affect the structures and functions of plant individual, population, community and ecological system. This article summarizes recent study progress on sex-related response differences of dioecious plants under environmental stresses including drought, nutrient deficiency,heavy metal, salt and climate change. Moreover, the interaction of sexual competition and facilitation, the mechanisms of discrimination and adaptation strategy under sexual competition, the interaction of sexual competition and sexual spatial segregation, as well as the effect of environmental stress on sexual competition in dioecious plants are also summarized in the paper. Currently, many studies indicate that males possess better resistant and adaptive abilities than females under environmental stresses. However, the sexual competition of dioecious plants and the effect of competition on the eco-physiological responses to environmental stress have been rarely studied. The rules and mechanisms of sexual competitions under environmental stresses have not been determined. Finally, the research prospect and focus of dioecious plants are also discussed. The research on sex-related differences and competition of dioecious plants under multi-environmental stresses should be intensified in the future.