The purpose of this paper is to provide a theoretical reference for management countermeasures of bamboo adaptability considering a background of environmental change, especially climate change. During growth various environmental stresses affect bamboo which in turn responds with a physical answer and adaptation. In the long-term evolutionary process, bamboo has formed corresponding protection mechanisms and ecological adaptation strategies; however, physiological plasticity is the most direct response to environmental impacts from stress including temperature, moisture, soil salinity, nutrients, atmospheric pollution, and heavy metals. The effects of environmental stress on physiological plasticity of bamboo are reviewed from active oxygen metabolism, membrane lipid peroxidation and the antioxidant enzyme system, osmotic regulation system, and photosynthetic physiology to name a few. The key research direction of bamboo in physiological adaptability and response mechanism, sifting of stress resistance, distribution and carbon balance with environmental stress is also presented.