This paper summarized the research progress on the cement carbonation principles, impact factors, concrete carbonation, cement mortar carbonation, and the cement kiln dust carbonation. Numerous studies showed that the carbonation rate coefficients are mainly impacted by material and environmental factors; the concrete cement carbon sequestration in service stage can be quantitatively calculated by the carbonation depth, and the calculation methods of cement carbon sequestration in demolition and crushing stage, and waste treatment and secondary use stage are still lack; the carbonation rate coefficients in mortar cement and cement kiln dust are higher than those in the concrete, but their carbon sequestration calculation methods have not been established. Future researches should focus on: (1) the carbonation rate coefficients of cement materials should be clarified, and the cement carbon sink calculation methodology from life cycle assessment perspective should be built systematically; (2) annual cement materials carbon sequestration and accumulated carbon sequestration in both China and around the world should be calculated, and their contributions to global missing carbon sink should be analyzed; (3) the significance of cement materials carbon sink on urban carbon cycle should be explained from both ecology and climate perspectives.