The research on mountain climate of a natural area with a geographic boundary is beneficial to reveal the complex mechanism governing the relation between local and global climate change. Based on the daily temperature data from 1955 to 2012, with 9 international commonly used index, and the methods of linear trend analysis, accumulative anomaly, Morlet complex wavelet, moving T- test, Mann-Kendall examination and principal component analysis are comprehensively employed to analyze the temporal variability of climate extremes of Shangzhou hinterland of Qinling region. The study found that:(1)The average temperature slowly increased and the changes between seasons lessened in the past 60 years in Shangzhou. (2)The extreme minimum temperature, extreme maximum temperature, annual temperature range, cold nights, warm days increased at different rate, while high temperature, frost days, warm nights, cold days decreased at different rates. (3)It is increased asymmetric change of air temperature between the highest and lowest temperature and the relationship of temperature changes between daytime and night. (4)All the extreme temperature indices have cycles of 16, 22 and 30 years, with 30 years to be the dominating cycle. (5)Nine extreme temperature indices experienced mutation, and the mutation year concentrated in 1990s. (6)Changes in extreme high temperature and diurnal index are the most obvious, and the correlation between the cold index and the warm index is remarkable. On the bases of the research data and conclusions, comments have been made to the prevention of natural disaster in Shangzhou area.