Geological factors have great effect on vegetation distribution. Under ArcGIS 10.1 platform, Sichuan province will be divided into 36 belts by 200 m intervals. And the geographic statistical function is used to calculate the vegetation type diversity index,lithology diversity index and soil type diversity index of every belt based on the vegetation distribution dada and geological map. The spatial distribution of all the three exist domain effect. With the increase of elevation gradient,its number present increase and then decreases. And the highest elevation of the three is 1 400 m~1 800 m, 1 400 m~1 800 m and 1 800 m~4 000 m. The result of using regression analysis method to analyze the relationship among research shows that there was a positive relationship between vegetation distribution and geological background. With the increase of soil type diversity or lithology diversity, vegetation type diversity increased. Paper reveals the relationship between vegetation distribution and geological background and provides scientific theory and data support for regional environment and biodiversity conservation planning under the global climate change background in Sichuan province.