Tibet Autonomous Region, as central part of the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau, is a unique ecological regional unit on the Earth, average elevation above 4 000 m, has a lot of special and peculiar ecosystems, and thus is important for biodiversity, river source conservation, and other ecological services. Therefore, the Tibetan plateau is one key zone for ecological sheltering function to China and East Asian, while the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau is among those areas that are most sensitive and vulnerable to future climate change. Climate change predictions indicate that increase in temperature will be faster on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau than in surrounding areas and trends will increase with elevation. Climate change will within the next decades have major effects on biodiversity and ecosystem function on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. Addition with increasing human activities, such as overgrazing, many ecological problems including ecosystem degradation, even grassland desertification emerged on the Tibetan plateau, will inevitably weaken the ecological sheltering function on the Tibetan plateau. In 2009, for protecting the ecosystem services on the Tibetan plateau, Chinese government began to implement the project ofProtection and Construction of the State Ecological Safe Shelter Zone on the Tibetan Plateau. Based on many constructive technician and restorative countermeasures of ecological engineer, the degraded trend of Tibetan plateau ecosystem was suppressed, and the functions of plateau ecological sheltering become stable on the whole Plateau, even enhanced in some area. On the other hand, how to increase income of the local farmers is another important issue on the Tibetan plateau. The average income of local farmers is still lower than national level, and aim of government is to increase the local framers average income to national level in year 2020. These need more developing projects to achieve the goal, which will certainly put more environmental pressures on the ecosystems on Tibetan plateau. In summary, both the ecological sheltering construction and increasing income of famer and herdsman are two pressing tasks faced by government of the Tibet Autonomous Region during their sustainable development and ecological civilization. Key problems involved in this situation include:(1)Background of natural resources and environment need more investigation and research, due to the large area and extreme environment on the Tibetan plateau;(2)Ecological sheltering function of the Plateau ecosystem is suppressed by both climate change and human activities, which would lead to ecological degradation especially in alpine grassland ecosystem;(3)Gap between the farmers and herdsmens average income and national level currently exists in the Tibet Autonomous Region, because the traditional husbandry supported by alpine grassland ecosystem still dominated in the Plateau which lack of cooperative organization, effective support of science and technology. The ways to deal with this situation include:(1)comprehensive evaluation of regional resources and environmental capacity and reach the goal of regulating the ecological capacity, to realize sustainable development in the Tibet Autonomous Region;(2)quantitate and identificate the impact of global change and human beings activity on alpine grassland, to develop the different technique and pattern for manage typical Plateau ecosystem and construct different ecological projects;(3)coupling agriculture and animal husbandry system in different areas to realize the double win for increasing farmers income and guarantee the ecological sheltering function in Plateau;and(4)strengthen protection and construction the base for characteristic animal products for enhancing transition of husbandry economy and increasing the farmers income in the region.