Drought is one of the most serious abiotic stresses negatively affecting wheat distribution, yield and quality. With the exacerbation of global warming and the growing shortage of fresh water, the adverse effects of drought on wheat production are becoming more and more severe. Currently, the transcriptomic and proteomic approaches have become common and reliable tools in studying the mechanisms of wheat resistance to drought and many genes and proteins involved in the molecular regulatory networks of wheat response and resistance to drought have been identified in different wheat varieties and its wild relatives. This paper briefly reviews the main general findings in the research on the molecular mechanisms underlying wheat response and resistance to drought using transcriptomic and proteomic approaches. The limitations of current research and the tendency of such studies in the future are also discussed,which may be helpful to utilize the existed research findings for the improvement of wheat drought resistance and may aid more effective investigations of the mechanisms involved in wheat response and resistance to drought stress by using transcriptomic and proteomic approaches.