Hydrocarbon biomarkers have been one of the most popular measures for global change in recent years. N-alkanes,fatty acid and stable carbon isotope compositions from the sediments could provide the continuous and high-resolution information about sources of organic matter,reconstruction of past vegetation,variability of historical climate and influence of human activities on local ecosystems. Sediments from the south of Dianchi watershed are implicated for modern climate and vegetation variations by the distribution and compound-specific characteristic of aliphatic hydrocarbon biomarkers. It is concluded that the application hydrocarbon biomarkers of the sediment could be introduced in predicting the ecological environment change.