The drought influence of historical facts and space-time differentiation picture of extreme drought events happened in Shaanxi Province are restituted by means of historical literature records during 1689-1692 (28 - 31 years of Emperor Kangxi in Qing Dynasty) . In the course of four-year-drought event,large scale of famine and exile appeared,especially in the harder-hit areas there revealed dismal pictures of deserted crops and homeless people from the special differentiation characteristics showed by the developmental processes of each prefecture in Shaanxi province. In addition,the severe drought happened simultaneously with insect pest,extreme cold,plague and secondary disasters,which caused society and economy,suffering a range of losses (e. g. houses collapsed,fields deserted,population casualties,river runoff overflowing etc. ) . The worst-hit areas of drought influence are mainly distributed in the central Shaanxi plain; there are 55 prefectures that the extent of drought disaster in the first grade,and there are 20 prefectures that the extent of drought disaster in the second grade in 1690. From the angle of natural background,this paper indicates that it was an extreme drought event under the climate background of little ice age in Ming-Qing dynasties compared with the occurrence time of drought events with the natural record results of solar variation,ENSO events and volcanic activities. It shows that the reconstruction result on the basis of proxy data between historical documents and natural indicators are more or less in sync and there is uncertainty in the process of historical climate change.