Improving natural disaster resilience is one of the important methods for coping with climate change and natural disasters. On the basis of summarizing the study of natural disaster resilience, an index system for evaluating flood disaster resilience in the Chaohu Basin was constructed with a full consideration of the five dimensions (i.e., nature, society, economy, technology, and management) which have a great influence on flood disaster resilience. The weights of the dependent indexes were obtained by using analytic network process (ANP) analysis. Subsequently, the flood disaster resilience in the Chaohu Basin was evaluated. At last, the spatiotemporal evolution of flood disaster resilience in the Chaohu Basin during 2000-2010 was analyzed to provide valuable reference for improving the level of flood disaster resilience in the Chaohu Basin. The results indicated that the flood disaster resilience index in most part of the Chaohu Basin was increasing from 2000 to 2010, but there were obvious differences in the growth rate of different regions and different dimensions. From the point of view of the average level of the basin, flood disaster resilience index of the Chaohu Basin has been in growth during the 10 years, flood disaster resilience index of the natural dimension was declining while flood disaster resilience index of other dimensions were increasing, and the most positive impact on flood disaster resilience of the Chaohu Basin was the economic factor, the influencing factor of the natural dimension played a negative role in the growth of flood disaster resilience in the Chaohu Basin. The distribution patterns of various grades of the flood disaster resilience in the Chaohu Basin had little change from 2000 to 2010, but the gap of flood disaster resilience between Hefei Municipal District and other part in the Chaohu Basin became obviously.