Based on the daily temperature (average, maximum and minimum) data of 18 meteorological stations from 1960 to 2014 in Henan province, the variation trends and spatial differences of 16 extreme temperature indices are analyzed by using the linear regression and correlation analysis methods. Besides, the influence factors of the extreme temperature indices and the relationship between extreme temperature indices and climate change are also discussed. The results are as follows: 1) In the last 55 years, coldest day (TXn), warmest night (TNx), coldest night (TNn), warm days (TX90P), warm nights (TN90P), summer days (SU25), tropical nights (TR20), warm spell duration days (WSDI) and growing season length (GSL) indicate statistically significant increasing trends. Whereas, warmest day (TXx), cool days (TX10P), cool nights (TN10P), ice days (ID0), frost days (FD0), cold spell duration days (CSDI) and diurnal temperature range (DTR) have significantly decreasing trends. 2) In terms of spatial variations, the extreme cold temperature increase in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Nanyang Basin and the hilly area of Tongbai-Dabie mountainous area. Meanwhile, the increase of extreme warm temperature has mainly occurred in the western mountainous and hilly region of Henan Province. 3) Compared to other areas of China, the change rate of extreme temperature in Henan is slowly, in last 55 a, the cold days have significantly decreased. However, the change rate of extreme temperature of last 20 a has increased more than two times than last 55 a, this shows that the change rate of extreme temperature in Henan is accelerating. 4) Based on the correlation results, the variation of extreme temperature in Henan could indicate the climate change in this area. Besides, the topographic condition is the dominant factor for the spatial variations of the extreme temperature in Henan.