Spatio-temporal patterns of NDVI and possible relations between NDVI and climate factors in Xinjiang Province have been analyzed based on daily precipitation and temperature data covering the period of 2003-2010 from 50 meteorological stations. Results show that inter-annual variations of NDVI and climate factors are not evident and apparent annual changes are well identified. Abundant precipitation and high temperature was observed in summer and autumn with good coverage of vegetation. However, the adverse conditions can be found in winter and spring. The northern Xinjiang as well as the north slope of the Tianshan Mountains are dominated by abundant precipitation and flourishing vegetation. The south slope of Tianshan Mountains and the eastern Xinjiang take second place. The southern Xinjiang, however, is characterized by scarce precipitation, high temperature and poor vegetation coverage. The vegetation condition in northern Xinjiang and the north slope of?Tianshan?Mountains has no obvious time-lag response to climate factors. Nevertheless, it has obvious time-lag response to climate factors and the growth of vegetation is restricted by climate factors in southern Xinjiang and the south slope of Tianshan Mountains. As the main factor, restriction of temperature is more prominent. Overall, the vegetation varied continuously in Xinjiang and the area of improvement tendency is less than those of degradation tendency. To some extent, human activity has a great influence on the vegetation condition. Exploration of vegetation changes and carrying out of timely adjustments, not only can offer a scientific basis for vegetation protection and restoration, but also can provide important theoretical guidance for crop production effectively.