The impact of climate change and human activities on the evolution of groundwater systems is critical to the sustainable management of water resources in arid inland river basins. The Hotan River Basin is located in the west of the Taklimakan Desert and seated in the northern foothills of the Kunlun Mountains. The development of agriculture and animal husbandry increased the demand of groundwater resource, directly affecting the stability of He-Mo-Luo oasis and evolution of groundwater system. Based on groundwater observation data,hydrogeological data,meteorological data and irrigation statistical data,we use Mann-Kendall method,geostatistical analyses for the trends and the spatial distributions of the groundwater levels during the period of 1979 ~2010 in He-Mo-Luo oasis (36° 50'~37° 40'N,790 20'~80° 40'E). The change of groundwater storage was estimated. The gray correlation analysis was conducted to study the extent of correlation between natural and human factors and the spatio-temporal evolution of groundwater. The results showed that: (1)The groundwater level has generally fallen from 1979 ~2010,with the downward trend slightly larger in dry season than that in wet season. The largest groundwater depth appeared in June and July. (2) Comparison of 1979,1999,2004 and 2010 maps revealed a spatial distribution of groundwater level decline. The groundwater level falls down from the downstream discharge areas to the recharge areas of the Hotan River alluvial fan. Where as a regular decline was seen in more than 60% of the area,the range of levels were declined from 1 ~3 m to 3 ~6 m. (3) The groundwater storage dropped by an average of 2567 x 10~4 cubic meters per year in the past 30 years, especially decreasing sharply after 2004. The reduction rate of groundwater storage in 2004~2010 is 8.16 times that of 1979~2004 years. (4) During the last 30 years, farmland area increased by 1261.93 krr~2 in He-Mo-Luo oasis,the amount of irrigation water was increased by 19.21%, and the groundwater exploitation has increased by 7.2 times. The natural and human factors affecting the change of groundwater storage arrangement by their decreasing importance are: Groundwater exploitation, irrigation area, precipitation,evaporation, runoff, temperature, irrigation leakage. Excessive groundwater depletion in major part of the district may be attributed to indiscriminate abstraction and increase in irrigation area. The effect of human activities on the groundwater balance is greater than that of natural factors. The sustainable management of the water and land resource is the key to maintaining groundwater security in oases.