As an important component of biodiversity, rare and endangered plants are one of the core contents of conservation biology. Madhuca pasquieri, a rare species currently, is regarded as VU (vulnerable) species in the IUCN Red List and listed as a kind of national key protected wild plants (Ⅱ) and wild plants of extremely small population. It is also a kind of rare oil tree species and precious timber species with high medicinal value. Due to the global climate change and the habitat fragmentation, it is rather important to study the current situation of M. pasquieri and formulate relevant conservation strategies. Based on the data of specimen records of herbariums, this paper mainly introduced the natural geographical distribution of M. pasquieri, compared population and community characteristics of the main distribution sites of M. pasquieri and systematically analyzed the current research and protection at domestic and overseas. The results are as follows: (1) With a wide range of vertical distribution from 200 to 1 400 m above, wild populations of M. pasquieri are mainly distributed in North Vietnam, South Guangxi, Southwest Guangdong and Southeast Yunnan. (2) The community of M. pasquieri forest has abundant species in tree layer, shrub layer, herb layer and vine layer. M. pasquieri is the dominant species in the main forest layer or important companion species in acid rain forest in Guangxi. (3) Mainly scattered in the warm and humid habitat, M. pasquieri is tolerant of drought and barren environments with krasnozem and laterite soil. It is concluded that the research of in situ and ex situ conservations, chemical composition and artificial cultivation of M. pasquieri have been carried out. However, these researches are still in primary stages. The following are hoped to be strengthened in the future: The supplement of the distribution information, field investigations with long-term experiment and the reintroduce of M. pasquieri based on in situ and ex situ conservations. Furthermore, molecular biology techniques are needed to strengthen the breeding, propagation and cultivation techniques of M. pasquieri, and can be actively developed for economic value and can be applied in landscaping.