The aims of this study were to determine the methods to reduce or even resolve the adverse effects of abnormal climate and environment on sea cucumber culture production in China and to provide a useful reference for further enhancing the risk-resisting capacity. We summarized the extreme weather conditions, including continuous high temperature, intensive heavy rainfall, and freezing weather, caused due to varying degrees of global climate changes such as El Nino and La Nina in the past decade; harmful algal blooms such as Enteromorpha prolifera; and reef reclamation and their adverse effects on the yield and quality of land-based and shallow sea aquaculture of sea cucumber in China. We analyzed the different climatic and environmental disaster-causing factors and their direct and secondary effects on sea cucumber aquaculture. Based on the development of sea cucumber aquaculture industry in China, we also analyzed the drawbacks of the current response to abnormal climate and environmental impacts from the viewpoints of infrastructure, seed quality, technology integration innovation, risk consciousness, industrial chain structure, and guarantee mechanism. Systematic solutions and countermeasures were proposed to provide a useful reference for ensuring the sustainable, efficient, and healthy development of sea cucumber aquaculture industry in China.