This study used Chinese winter temperature data, the monthly Arctic sea ice concentration index from the China Meteorological Bureau, and NCEP/NCAR circulation reanalysis data to investigate the effects of Arctic sea ice on winter temperatures in China using sliding, time-delay, and partial correlation analyses. The results showed that Arctic sea ice concentration in autumn was correlated with high pressure in West Siberia in late winter and high pressure in North China, which were responsible for winter temperature anomalies in northwestern China and between the Yangtze River and the Yellow River. Further analysis found that the winter temperature anomalies in the northwestern region were affected mainly by high pressure over West Siberia, while the winter temperature anomalies between the Yangtze River and the Yellow River were affected mainly by high pressure in North China. The influence of Arctic sea ice on the late-winter high-latitude Eurasian circulation further affected winter temperatures on the plateau.