Ecosystem productivity, including gross primary productivity (GPP) and net primary productivity (NPP), is one of basic ecosystem energy and material cycles, and also an important component of the global carbon cycle. Understanding the spatio-temporal variations of ecosystem productivity is of great significance to terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle. In this study, MODIS based on remotely sensed optical data layers including GPP, NPP and land cover and meteorological observations such as daily precipitation, temperature, and radiation were used to analyze the spatio-temporal variations of GPP/NPP and their relationships with climate change and land cover changes in Poyang Lake Basin from 2000 to 2014. Our results showed that: (1) averaged annual total GPP was 221.4 Tg·a~(-1) (by C) and the maximum annual total value of GPP was 238.7 Tg·a~(-1) in 2014. Averaged total annual NPP was 97.6 Tg·a~(-1) and the highest annual NPP value was 112.3 Tg·a~(-1) in 2004. (2) It was found that about 10 % of the regional total GPP growth rate was greater than 10 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1) in the Poyang Lake Basin from 2000 to 2014. However, about 20 % of the NPP in the same region decreased at a rate of more than 5 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1). (3) The annual total precipitation, annual mean temperature and averaged annual radiation all exhibited general increasing trends with the increasing rate of 4.2 mm·a~(-1), 0.014 ℃·a~(-1) and 0.0039 MJ·m~(-2)·a~(-1), respectively. (4) GPP was positively correlated with annual precipitation and annual mean temperature, and NPP also was positively correlated with annual precipitation and annual mean temperature. Compared with solar radiation, precipitation showed more significant correlation with GPP/NPP. This study provides a theoretical foundation for assessing the impact of typical ecosystem productivity on climate change, especially in the Poyang Lake Basin. Moreover, this study has certain scientific significance and application value to the ecological environment protection of this basin.