The precipitation data from the Zeku Meteorology Station during 1959-2011, annual runoff and sediment discharge data from the Tangnaihai Hydrometry Station during 1956-2011 were taken to established correlation with delta~(18)O determination sequences of the adjacent position (Wanxiang Cave in Gansu Province). This paper studied the changes of precipitation and runoff-sediment sequence in the millennium scale which based on the establishment of the variation curves of precipitation with 10 -year moving average, and the annual runoff and sediment discharge with 5-year moving average and 10-year moving average. The results show that R~2 values of the fitting equations are all greater than 0.6 except the calibration equation of annual sediment discharge at the Tangnaihai Hydrometry Station with 5 -year moving average, and the correlation is relatively high. The annual runoff of the Yellow River source is decreasing while the trend of annual sediment discharge is approximately the same, and its changes are mainly related to precipitation. At the Tangnaihai Hydrometry Station, the changes of annual runoff and sediment discharge in the 1800a scale can be divided into 9 stages, of which 5 stages show an increasing trend and the other 4 stages show a decreasing trend.