Drastic changes in the deep Earth processes and paleoenvironments on the surface occurred in Asia and surrounding regions during the Cenozoic. Driven by India-Asia collision and Pacific plate subduction,the Tibet Plateau region in the west gained its high elevation, whereas lithosphere in east China lost its thickness,and West Pacific margin seas opened,all of which led to the establishment of the present-day topography and drainage pattern. These tectonic-geomorphic processes interplayed with global cooling, re-organization of northern westerlies, Asian monsoon regime and biogeography in this region, which have become the frontier topics in earth sciences.