The vulnerability assessment is of great importance in the research of climate adaptation, especially for those climate' sensitive areas and industries. This paper adopts the participating assessment and action impact matrix to identify the key vulnerability factors. Then we buildup the indicator classes of vulnerability assessment employing the analytic hierarchy process methodology. With the assessment model,we calculate the vulnerability index,which reveals the vulnerability of grassland livestock industry to drought in Xilingol,Inner Mongolia. Drought is themost critical climate hazard, inciting serious and vast impact on grassland livestock industry.Drought has detrimental impacts on herdsmen ' s livelihood because it deteriorates the supplies ofgrass, livestock, and water in pastoral areas. Unfortunately, the effect of drought on human being' s health is always ignored by stakeholders. The areas with poor husbandry infrastructure andintense climatic fluctuation are more vulnerable to climate change. The improving adaptive capacity is mainly responsible for the reduction of the vulnerability of grassland livestock industry to climate change at both spatial and temporal scales. The promotion of adaptive capacity is prior tothe reductions of both sensitivity and exposure in terms of adaptation strategies to climate change.The promotion of adaptive capacity aims to .guarantee herdsmen ' s livelihood through increasingherdsmen's economic income,improving the husbandry infrastructure,and enhancing the capacity of supplementary feeding.