Improving agricultural drought adaptability is beneficial to reduce the risk of agricultural drought and achieve sustainable development of agricultural production in coexistence with drought risk. Planting structure adjustment is one of the main agricultural production adaptation measures. Selecting Ulanqab City of Inner Mongolia as a case area and statistical yearbook data as data source,this study analyzed the planting structure adjustment of the city in nearly recent 50 years,and combined with regional precipitation annual and inter-annual variation characteristics,researched the planting structure adjustment driven by government policy. Based on grain production fluctuation and precipitation fluctuations,the climate fitness level of agricultural production was evaluated. Results show that,the planting structure adjustment is an effective adjustment measure for drought adaptability. It ensures that the crop yield in this area still present the trend of increase year by year in volatility of precipitation conditions. The regional agricultural drought adaptability had been significantly enhanced since 1995. It is more suitable for dry and warming climate conditions.