In order to solve the ecological problems like soil erosion,vegetation reduction by scientifically and effectively management of vegetation resources. In this paper,the data of MOD17A3H in Shanxi Province were used to analyze the temporal and spatial distribution of vegetation net primary productivity (NPP) in Shanxi Province during 20052015 by using the software such as ARCGIS and ENVI. The climate,land use types and elevation data were also used to analyze the response characteristics of vegetation NPP to climate and other influencing factors by using statistical method. The results were as follows: The average vegetation NPP of Shanxi Province during 20052015 was 326.5 g(C) ·m~(-2)·a~(-1), and the average NPP of grassland,farmland,shrubs and forestland during 20052015 were 300.3,353.6,366.5 and 390.1 g(C) ·m~(-2)·a~(-1); The overall fluctuation of NPP in vegetation in Shanxi Province increased significantly with a significant or extremely significant increase in the proportion of regional area reached 56.33%,mainly concentrated in the western part of Shanxi Province; The significant or extremely significant reduction of vegetation NPP area was mainly concentrated in the southeastern corner of Shanxi Province,accounting for 2.22% of the total area; The rate of change of NPP in grassland was the largest,the farmland was greater than the shrub,and the forest land was the smallest; There was a significant positive correlation between the average of vegetation NPP and the average of precipitation in Shanxi Province. Based on calculated pixel value,the area of vegetation NPP and precipitation had significant or extremely significant positive relation in the total study area,accounting for 17.01%,mainly concentrated in northern Shanxi Province; The area of vegetation NPP and temperature had significant and extremely significant negative correlation relation in the total study area,accounting for 3.66%,mainly concentrated in central Shanxi Province. The results indicated that the vegetation NPP of Shanxi Province during 20052015 was improving; The response of different vegetation to human activities and environmental factors was different,the stability of grassland and farmland was weak,and the NPP changes obviously,the stability of shrub and forestland was strong,and NPP was stable; There was a significant positive correlation between vegetation NPP and precipitation,and a negative correlation between vegetation NPP and temperature, as a whole,the climate factor promotes the rise of NPP,while the human factor is mainly manifested as the inhibitory effect on NPP changes.