[Objective] The net primary productivity(NPP) change and its correlation with climate over the Luoshan nature reserve were investigated in order to provide scientific basis for the ecological environment protection in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and its surrounding areas. [Methods] Based on the data including MOD17A3H NPP from 2004 to 2015,SRTM DEM, and annual average temperature and precipitation, and the methods including correlation analysis, trend analysis, and linear regression analysis, this study analyzed the spatiotemporal change characteristics of the NPP and the effects of climate, population, ecology, and immigration policy on the NPP. [Results]① There had a high correlation between the NPP and annual precipitation with correlation coefficients equaling to 0.609 and 0.648(p<0.05) in the core and non-core areas,respectively;② The NPP represented a fluctuating increasing trend with 0.076 Pg/a over the entire study area, which is higher than the NPP trend with 0.008 Pg/a over the China;③ The forest area increased during 20102015 in the Daluoshan and the area of forest with NPP ranging from 350 to 500 g/(m~2 · a) was 4 times of that during 20042009; Baseline vegetation in the Xiaoluoshan was converted from desert to desert grassland;④ The dominated ecological pattern determined by the NPP was the desert with area percent of 64.9%, followed by the desert grassland with 29.6% and the forestland with 0.38%. [Conclusion] The NPP of arid area is highly dependent on the precipitation. Although the ecological structure of the Luoshan region has been improved,the forest ecosystem there is still extremely fragile.