adaptive behavior
; air temperature
; animal experiment
; article
; body temperature
; cold exposure
; cold tolerance
; energy transfer
; geographic elevation
; greenhouse effect
; habitat use
; heat acclimatization
; heat tolerance
; heating
; latitude
; microhabitat
; nonhuman
; plasticity
; priority journal
; reptile
; risk assessment
; thermoregulation
; tropics
; climate sensitivity
; macrophysiology
; operative temperature
; Acclimatization
; Amphibians
; Animals
; Behavior, Animal
; Body Temperature Regulation
; Ecosystem
; Geography
; Insects
; Reptiles
; Species Specificity
; Temperature
英文摘要:
often exceed local air temperatures, implying a high degree of thermal safety (an excess of warm or cold thermal tolerance). However, air temperatures can be very different from the equilibrium body temperature of an individual ectotherm. Here, we compile thermal-tolerance limits of ectotherms across a wide range of latitudes and elevations and compare these thermal limits both to air and to operative body temperatures (theoretically equilibrated body temperatures) of small ectothermic animals during the warmest and coldest times of the year. We show that extreme operative body temperatures in exposed habitats match or exceed the physiological thermal limits of most ectotherms. Therefore, contrary to previous findings using air temperatures, most ectotherms do not have a physiological thermal-safetymargin. Theymust therefore rely on behavior to avoid overheating during the warmest times, especially in the lowland tropics. Likewise, species living at temperate latitudes and in alpine habitats must retreat to avoid lethal cold exposure. Behavioral plasticity of habitat use and the energetic consequences of thermal retreats are therefore critical aspects of species' vulnerability to climate warming and extreme events.
Sunday, J.M., Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; Bates, A.E., Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Warrnambool, VIC 3280, Australia; Kearney, M.R., Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Colwell, R.K., Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States, University of Colorado Museum of Natural History, Boulder, CO 80309, United States; Dulvy, N.K., Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; Longino, J.T., Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States; Huey, R.B., Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
Recommended Citation:
Sunday J.M.,Bates A.E.,Kearney M.R.,et al. Thermal-safety margins and the necessity of thermoregulatory behavior across latitude and elevation[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2014-01-01,111(15)