DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103653
论文题名: Conservation, preparation and imaging of diverse ambers and their inclusions
作者: Sadowski E.-M. ; Schmidt A.R. ; Seyfullah L.J. ; Solórzano-Kraemer M.M. ; Neumann C. ; Perrichot V. ; Hamann C. ; Milke R. ; Nascimbene P.C.
刊名: Earth Science Reviews
ISSN: 00128252
出版年: 2021
卷: 220 语种: 英语
中文关键词: Amber
; Amberization
; Deterioration
; Diagenesis
; Digitization
; Epoxy embedding
; Fossil tree resins
; Museum collections
; Pyrite disease
; Storage environment
英文摘要: Amber, a natural polymer, is fossil tree resin derived from diverse botanical sources with varying chemical compositions. As such, all amber is susceptible to the effects of light, temperature, relative humidity, and oxygen, as well as exposure to certain chemicals, and will deteriorate over time in collections if left unprotected. Here we review approaches for the conservation, preparation, and imaging of amber specimens and their inclusions, and address indications and causes of amber degradation, as well as recommendations for a suitable storage environment. We also provide updated preparation and embedding protocols, discuss several techniques for imaging inclusions, and address digitization efforts. A stable storage environment is essential to mitigate or avoid deterioration of amber, which often manifests as crazing, spalling, breaking and colour changes. Based on previous conservation studies of fossil resins, we generally recommend storage in a climate-monitored environment with a relative humidity of ca. 50%, 18 °C, and stress that light exposure must be kept to a minimum. For stabilization and anoxic sealing, amber specimens should ideally be embedded in an artificial epoxide resin (EpoTek 301-2 or similar is currently recommended). Amber should not be treated with or stored in vegetable or mineral oils (even for a short time for examination or photography), or come into contact with alcohol, disinfecting agents, hydrogen peroxide, or other destructive solvents or mixtures, since any of these materials can irreversibly damage the amber. Most photography of inclusions for research and digitization purposes can be successfully accomplished using light microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is sometimes used to uncover fine details, but is an invasive method. However, X-ray based methods (utilizing micro computed tomography, or micro-CT) are becoming more frequently used and increasingly indispensable in the examination of minute internal structures of inclusions, and to fully visualize important structures in opaque amber. Micro-CT makes it possible to digitize an inclusion three-dimensionally, and thus enables digital specimen ‘loans’. Light microscopal images are still widely used in the digitization of amber specimens and are an essential alternative to micro-CT imaging when resources or time are limited. Overall, due to the vulnerability of all fossil resins, we recommend that conservation of amber samples and their inclusions be prioritized. © 2021 The Authors Citation statistics:
资源类型: 期刊论文
标识符: http://119.78.100.158/handle/2HF3EXSE/166496
Appears in Collections: 气候变化与战略
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作者单位: Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstraße 43, Berlin, 10115, Germany; Department of Geobiology, University of Göttingen, Goldschmidtstraße 3, Göttingen, 37077, Germany; Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, Vienna, 1090, Austria; Palaeontology and Historical Geology, Senckenberg Research Institute, Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt am Main, 60325, Germany; Univ Rennes, CNRS, Géosciences Rennes, UMR 6118, 263 avenue du Général Leclerc, Rennes, 35000, France; Institute of Geological Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Malteserstraße 74-100, Berlin, 12249, Germany; Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, 79th Street at Central Park West, New York, NY 10024, United States
Recommended Citation:
Sadowski E.-M.,Schmidt A.R.,Seyfullah L.J.,et al. Conservation, preparation and imaging of diverse ambers and their inclusions[J]. Earth Science Reviews,2021-01-01,220