In 2005 to 2007 45 skeletons of adults and subadults were excavated at the Lombard period cemetery at Szólád (6th century A.D.), Hungary. Embedded into the well-recorded historical context, the article presents the results obtained by an integrative investigation including anthropological, molecular genetic and isotopic (δ15N, δ13C, 87Sr/86Sr) analyses. Skeletal stress markers as well as traces of interpersonal violence were found to occur frequently. The mitochondrial DNA profiles revealed a heterogeneous spectrum of lineages that belong to the haplogroups H, U, J, HV, T2, I, and K, which are common in present-day Europe and in the Near East, while N1a and N1b are today quite rare. Evidence of possible direct maternal kinship was identified in only three pairs of individuals. According to enamel strontium isotope ratios, at least 31% of the individuals died at a location other than their birthplace and/or had moved during childhood. Based on the peculiar 87Sr/86Sr ratio distribution between females, males, and subadults in comparison to local vegetation and soil samples, we propose a three-phase model of group movement. An initial patrilocal group with narrower male but wider female Sr isotope distribution settled at Szólád, whilst the majority of subadults represented in the cemetery yielded a distinct Sr isotope signature. Owing to the virtual absence of Szólád-born adults in the cemetery, we may conclude that the settlement was abandoned after approx. one generation. Population heterogeneity is furthermore supported by the carbon and nitrogen isotope data. They indicate that a group of high-ranking men had access to larger shares of animal-derived food whilst a few individuals consumed remarkable amounts of millet. The inferred dynamics of the burial community are in agreement with hypotheses of a highly mobile lifestyle during the Migration Period and a short-term occupation of Pannonia by Lombard settlers as conveyed by written sources.
Center for Natural and Cultural History of the Teeth, Danube Private University, Krems, Austria;State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology Saxony-Anhalt and State Museum of Prehistory, Halle, Germany;Institute for Prehistory and Archaeological Science, Basel University, Basel, Switzerland;Curt Engelhorn Centre Archaeometry gGmbH, Mannheim, Germany;Institut für Prähistorische Archäologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany;Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, London, United Kingdom;Laboratório Hercules, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal;State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology Saxony-Anhalt and State Museum of Prehistory, Halle, Germany;Center for Natural and Cultural History of the Teeth, Danube Private University, Krems, Austria;State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology Saxony-Anhalt and State Museum of Prehistory, Halle, Germany;Institute for Prehistory and Archaeological Science, Basel University, Basel, Switzerland;Institute of Anthropology, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany;Institute of Anthropology, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany;Institute of Anthropology, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany;Institute of Anthropology, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany;IsoAnalysis UG, Berlin, Germany;Archaeological Institute, Research Centre for Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary;Institute of Geosciences, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany;Department of Prehistory and Protohistory, Eötvös Loránd University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary;German Archaeological Institute, Roman Germanic Commission, Frankfurt a. M., Germany
Recommended Citation:
Kurt W. Alt,Corina Knipper,Daniel Peters,et al. Lombards on the Move – An Integrative Study of the Migration Period Cemetery at Szólád, Hungary[J]. PLOS ONE,2014-01-01,9(11)