Coral-excavating sponges are the most important bioeroders on Caribbean reefs and increase in abundance throughout the region. This increase is commonly attributed to a concomitant increase in food availability due to eutrophication and pollution. We therefore investigated the uptake of organic matter by the two coral-excavating sponges Siphonodictyon sp. and Cliona delitrix and tested whether they are capable of consuming dissolved organic carbon (DOC) as part of their diet. A device for simultaneous sampling of water inhaled and exhaled by the sponges was used to directly measure the removal of DOC and bacteria in situ. During a single passage through their filtration system 14% and 13% respectively of the total organic carbon (TOC) in the inhaled water was removed by the sponges. 82% (Siphonodictyon sp.; mean±SD; 13±17 μmol L−1) and 76% (C. delitrix; 10±12 μmol L−1) of the carbon removed was taken up in form of DOC, whereas the remainder was taken up in the form of particulate organic carbon (POC; bacteria and phytoplankton) despite high bacteria retention efficiency (72±15% and 87±10%). Siphonodictyon sp. and C. delitrix removed DOC at a rate of 461±773 and 354±562 μmol C h−1 respectively. Bacteria removal was 1.8±0.9×1010 and 1.7±0.6×1010 cells h−1, which equals a carbon uptake of 46.0±21.2 and 42.5±14.0 μmol C h−1 respectively. Therefore, DOC represents 83 and 81% of the TOC taken up by Siphonodictyon sp. and C. delitrix per hour. These findings suggest that similar to various reef sponges coral-excavating sponges also mainly rely on DOC to meet their carbon demand. We hypothesize that excavating sponges may also benefit from an increasing production of more labile algal-derived DOC (as compared to coral-derived DOC) on reefs as a result of the ongoing coral-algal phase shift.
Department of Biological Oceanography, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Den Hoorn, The Netherlands;CARMABI, Willemstad, Curaçao;Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands;CARMABI, Willemstad, Curaçao;Department of Aquatic Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;CARMABI, Willemstad, Curaçao;Department of Aquatic Microbiology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands;Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands;Departament de Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain;Department of Biological Oceanography, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Den Hoorn, The Netherlands;CARMABI, Willemstad, Curaçao
Recommended Citation:
Benjamin Mueller,Jasper M. de Goeij,Mark J. A. Vermeij,et al. Natural Diet of Coral-Excavating Sponges Consists Mainly of Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC)[J]. PLOS ONE,2014-01-01,9(2)