| DOI: | 10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00163.1
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| Scopus记录号: | 2-s2.0-84892510739
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| 论文题名: | The atmospheric energy constraint on global-mean precipitation change |
| 作者: | Pendergrass A.G.; Hartmann D.L.
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| 刊名: | Journal of Climate
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| ISSN: | 8948755
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| 出版年: | 2014
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| 卷: | 27, 期:2 | | 起始页码: | 757
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| 结束页码: | 768
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| 语种: | 英语
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| Scopus关键词: | Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
; Long-wave radiation
; Precipitation change
; Surface contribution
; Surface temperatures
; Temperature and humidities
; Top of the atmospheres
; Uniform temperature
; Atmospheric temperature
; Carbon dioxide
; Climate models
; Cooling
; Global warming
; Surface measurement
; Water vapor
; Atmospheric humidity
; air temperature
; carbon dioxide
; cooling
; global warming
; longwave radiation
; precipitation (climatology)
; radiative forcing
; relative humidity
; water vapor
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| 英文摘要: | Models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) robustly predict that the rate of increase in global-mean precipitation with global-mean surface temperature increase is much less than the rate of increase of water vapor. The goal of this paper is to explain in detail the mechanisms by which precipitation increase is constrained by radiative cooling. Changes in clear-sky atmospheric radiative cooling resulting from changes in temperature and humidity in global warming simulations are in good agreement with the multimodel, global-mean precipitation increase projected by GCMs (~1.1Wm-2K-1). In an atmosphere with fixed specific humidity, radiative cooling from the top of the atmosphere (TOA) increases in response to a uniform temperature increase of the surface and atmosphere, while atmospheric cooling by exchange with the surface decreases because the upward emission of longwave radiation from the surface increases more than the downward longwave radiation from the atmosphere. When a fixed relative humidity (RH) assumption is made, however, uniform warming causes a much smaller increase of cooling at the TOA, and the surface contribution reverses to an increase in net cooling rate due to increased downward emission from water vapor. Sensitivity of precipitation changes to lapse rate changes is modest when RH is fixed. Carbon dioxide reduces TOA emission with only weak effects on surface fluxes, and thus suppresses precipitation. The net atmospheric cooling response and thereby the precipitation response to CO2-induced warming at fixed RH are mostly contributed by changes in surface fluxes. The role of clouds is discussed. Intermodel spread in the rate of precipitation increase across the CMIP5 simulations is attributed to differences in the atmospheric cooling. © 2014 American Meteorological Society. |
| 资助项目: | NSF, National Science Foundation
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| Citation statistics: |
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| 资源类型: | 期刊论文
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| 标识符: | http://119.78.100.158/handle/2HF3EXSE/51075
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| Appears in Collections: | 气候变化事实与影响
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作者单位: | Department of atmospheric sciences, University of washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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| Recommended Citation: | |
Pendergrass A.G.,Hartmann D.L.. The atmospheric energy constraint on global-mean precipitation change[J]. Journal of Climate,2014-01-01,27(2)
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