DOI: 10.1175/2011JCLI4066.1
Scopus记录号: 2-s2.0-84863011977
论文题名: Temporal and spatial variability of Great Lakes ice cover, 1973-2010
作者: Wang J. ; Bai X. ; Hu H. ; Clites A. ; Colton M. ; Lofgren B.
刊名: Journal of Climate
ISSN: 8948755
出版年: 2012
卷: 25, 期: 4 起始页码: 1318
结束页码: 1329
语种: 英语
Scopus关键词: Arctic Oscillation
; Atmospheric forcing
; Climate forcings
; Empirical orthogonal function analysis
; ENSO
; Great Lakes
; Ice cover
; Ice loss/growth
; In-phase
; Interannual
; Lake Ontario
; Lake Superior
; Oscillation patterns
; Out of phase
; Satellite measurements
; Sea level pressure
; Seasonal cycle
; Spatial variability
; Standard deviation
; Surface air temperatures
; Surface winds
; Temporal and spatial variability
; Total loss
; Total variance
; Unique features
; Atmospheric pressure
; Lakes
; Nickel compounds
; Remote sensing
; Sea level
; Spectrum analysis
; Superalloys
; Ice
; air temperature
; Arctic Oscillation
; atmospheric forcing
; climate forcing
; climatology
; El Nino-Southern Oscillation
; empirical analysis
; ice cover
; regression analysis
; remote sensing
; sea level pressure
; spatial variation
; spectral analysis
; surface wind
; temporal variation
; time series analysis
; Great Lakes [North America]
; Lake Saint Clair
英文摘要: In this study, temporal and spatial variability of ice cover in the Great Lakes are investigated using historical satellite measurements from 1973 to 2010. The seasonal cycle of ice cover was constructed for all the lakes, including Lake St. Clair. A unique feature found in the seasonal cycle is that the standard deviations (i.e., variability) of ice cover are larger than the climatological means for each lake. This indicates that Great Lakes ice cover experiences large variability in response to predominant natural climate forcing and has poor predictability. Spectral analysis shows that lake ice has both quasi-decadal and interannual periodicities of~8 and~4 yr. There was a significant downward trend in ice coverage from 1973 to the present for all of the lakes, with Lake Ontario having the largest, and Lakes Erie and St. Clair having the smallest. The translated total loss in lake ice over the entire 38-yr record varies from 37% in Lake St. Clair (least) to 88% in Lake Ontario (most). The total loss for overall Great Lakes ice coverage is 71%, while Lake Superior places second with a 79% loss. An empirical orthogonal function analysis indicates that a major response of ice cover to atmospheric forcing is in phase in all six lakes, accounting for 80.8% of the total variance. The second mode shows an out-of-phase spatial variability between the upper and lower lakes, accounting for 10.7% of the total variance. The regression of the first EOF-mode time series to sea level pressure, surface air temperature, and surface wind shows that lake ice mainly responds to the combined Arctic Oscillation and El Niño-Southern Oscillation patterns. © 2012 American Meteorological Society. Citation statistics:
资源类型: 期刊论文
标识符: http://119.78.100.158/handle/2HF3EXSE/52565
Appears in Collections: 气候变化事实与影响
There are no files associated with this item.
作者单位: NOAA, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystem Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
Recommended Citation:
Wang J.,Bai X.,Hu H.,et al. Temporal and spatial variability of Great Lakes ice cover, 1973-2010[J]. Journal of Climate,2012-01-01,25(4)