DOI: 10.1007/s00382-014-2204-7
Scopus记录号: 2-s2.0-84939885377
论文题名: Irrigation as an historical climate forcing
作者: Cook B.I. ; Shukla S.P. ; Puma M.J. ; Nazarenko L.S.
刊名: Climate Dynamics
ISSN: 9307575
出版年: 2015
卷: 44, 期: 2017-05-06 起始页码: 1715
结束页码: 1730
语种: 英语
英文关键词: Climate modeling
; Forcing
; Historical simulations
; Irrigation
英文摘要: Irrigation is the single largest anthropogenic water use, a modification of the land surface that significantly affects surface energy budgets, the water cycle, and climate. Irrigation, however, is typically not included in standard historical general circulation model (GCM) simulations along with other anthropogenic and natural forcings. To investigate the importance of irrigation as an anthropogenic climate forcing, we conduct two 5-member ensemble GCM experiments. Both are setup identical to the historical forced (anthropogenic plus natural) scenario used in version 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, but in one experiment we also add water to the land surface using a dataset of historically estimated irrigation rates. Irrigation has a negligible effect on the global average radiative balance at the top of the atmosphere, but causes significant cooling of global average surface air temperatures over land and dampens regional warming trends. This cooling is regionally focused and is especially strong in Western North America, the Mediterranean, the Middle East, and Asia. Irrigation enhances cloud cover and precipitation in these same regions, except for summer in parts of Monsoon Asia, where irrigation causes a reduction in monsoon season precipitation. Irrigation cools the surface, reducing upward fluxes of longwave radiation (increasing net longwave), and increases cloud cover, enhancing shortwave reflection (reducing net shortwave). The relative magnitude of these two processes causes regional increases (northern India) or decreases (Central Asia, China) in energy availability at the surface and top of the atmosphere. Despite these changes in net radiation, however, climate responses are due primarily to larger magnitude shifts in the Bowen ratio from sensible to latent heating. Irrigation impacts on temperature, precipitation, and other climate variables are regionally significant, even while other anthropogenic forcings (anthropogenic aerosols, greenhouse gases, etc.) dominate the long term climate evolution in the simulations. To better constrain the magnitude and uncertainties of irrigation-forced climate anomalies, irrigation should therefore be considered as another important anthropogenic climate forcing in the next generation of historical climate simulations and multi-model assessments. © 2014, Springer-Verlag (outside the USA). 资助项目: NASA, National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Citation statistics:
资源类型: 期刊论文
标识符: http://119.78.100.158/handle/2HF3EXSE/54206
Appears in Collections: 过去全球变化的重建
There are no files associated with this item.
作者单位: NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY, United States; Center for Climate Systems Research, Earth Institute, Columbia University, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY, United States
Recommended Citation:
Cook B.I.,Shukla S.P.,Puma M.J.,et al. Irrigation as an historical climate forcing[J]. Climate Dynamics,2015-01-01,44(2017-05-06)