DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.02.004
Scopus记录号: 2-s2.0-84924664043
论文题名: The rivers of civilization
作者: Macklin M.G. ; Lewin J.
刊名: Quaternary Science Reviews
ISSN: 2773791
出版年: 2015
卷: 114 起始页码: 228
结束页码: 244
语种: 英语
英文关键词: Avulsion
; Channel contraction
; Civilizations
; Climate
; Floodplains
; Geomorphology
; Palaeohydrology
; Rivers
Scopus关键词: Environmental impact
; Floods
; Geomorphology
; Avulsion
; Civilizations
; Climate
; Flood-plains
; Palaeohydrology
; Rivers
; alluvial fan
; catastrophic event
; civilization
; climate change
; environmental stress
; flooding
; floodplain
; geomorphology
; Holocene
; human settlement
; paleohydrology
; river channel
; salinization
; wetland
; Nile River
英文摘要: The hydromorphic regimes that underpinned Old World river-based civilizations are reviewed in light of recent research. Notable Holocene climatic changes varied from region to region, whilst the dynamics of floodplain environments were equally diverse, with river channel changes significantly affecting human settlement. There were longer-term trends in Holocene hydroclimate and multi-centennial length 'flood-rich' and 'flood-poor' episodes. These impacted on five identified flooding and settlement scenarios: (i) alluvial fans and aprons; (ii) laterally mobile rivers; (iii) rivers with well-developed levees and flood basins; (iv) river systems characterised by avulsions and floodouts; and (v) large river-fed wetlands. This gave a range of changes that were either more or less regular or incremental from year-to-year (and thus potentially manageable) or catastrophic. The latter might be sudden during a flood event or a few seasons (. acute), or over longer periods extending over many decades or even centuries (. chronic). The geomorphic and environmental impacts of these events on riparian societies were very often irreversible. Contrasts are made between allogenic and autogenic mechanism for imposing environmental stress on riverine communities and a distinction is made between channel avulsion and contraction responses. Floods, droughts and river channel changes can precondition as well as trigger environmental crises and societal collapse. The Nile system currently offers the best set of independently dated Holocene fluvial and archaeological records, and the contrasted effects of changing hydromorphological regimes on floodwater farming are examined. The persistence of civilizations depended essentially on the societies that maintained them, but they were also understandably resilient in some environments (Pharaonic Egypt in the Egyptian Nile), appear to have had more limited windows of opportunity in others (the Kerma Kingdom in the Nubian Nile), or required settlement mobility or exceptional engineering response (Huang He, Mesopotamia) to accommodate problems such as river avulsion, desiccation or local salinization. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. Citation statistics:
资源类型: 期刊论文
标识符: http://119.78.100.158/handle/2HF3EXSE/59976
Appears in Collections: 过去全球变化的重建
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作者单位: Centre for Catchment and Coastal Research and the River Basin Dynamics, Hydrology Research Group, Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion, United Kingdom; Institute Agriculture and Environment, College of Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
Recommended Citation:
Macklin M.G.,Lewin J.. The rivers of civilization[J]. Quaternary Science Reviews,2015-01-01,114