DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12855
论文题名: Design and performance of combined infrared canopy and belowground warming in the B4WarmED (Boreal Forest Warming at an Ecotone in Danger) experiment
作者: Rich R.L. ; Stefanski A. ; Montgomery R.A. ; Hobbie S.E. ; Kimball B.A. ; Reich P.B.
刊名: Global Change Biology
ISSN: 13541013
出版年: 2015
卷: 21, 期: 6 起始页码: 2334
结束页码: 2348
语种: 英语
英文关键词: Canopy temperature
; Climate change
; Ecosystem processes
; Global warming
; Infrared warming
; Soil temperature
; Soil warming
; Species composition
; Tree function
; Trees
Scopus关键词: boreal forest
; climate change
; climate effect
; community composition
; ecotone
; forest canopy
; infrared radiation
; performance assessment
; soil temperature
; warming
; Minnesota
; United States
; soil
; climate change
; ecosystem
; forest
; physiology
; seedling
; soil
; taiga
; temperature
; tree
; Climate Change
; Ecosystem
; Forests
; Seedlings
; Soil
; Taiga
; Temperature
; Trees
英文摘要: Conducting manipulative climate change experiments in complex vegetation is challenging, given considerable temporal and spatial heterogeneity. One specific challenge involves warming of both plants and soils to depth. We describe the design and performance of an open-air warming experiment called Boreal Forest Warming at an Ecotone in Danger (B4WarmED) that addresses the potential for projected climate warming to alter tree function, species composition, and ecosystem processes at the boreal-temperate ecotone. The experiment includes two forested sites in northern Minnesota, USA, with plots in both open (recently clear-cut) and closed canopy habitats, where seedlings of 11 tree species were planted into native ground vegetation. Treatments include three target levels of plant canopy and soil warming (ambient, +1.7 °C, +3.4 °C). Warming was achieved by independent feedback control of voltage input to aboveground infrared heaters and belowground buried resistance heating cables in each of 72-7.0 m2 plots. The treatments emulated patterns of observed diurnal, seasonal, and annual temperatures but with superimposed warming. For the 2009 to 2011 field seasons, we achieved temperature elevations near our targets with growing season overall mean differences (ΔTbelow ) of +1.84 °C and +3.66 °C at 10 cm soil depth and (ΔTabove) of +1.82 °C and +3.45 °C for the plant canopies. We also achieved measured soil warming to at least 1 m depth. Aboveground treatment stability and control were better during nighttime than daytime and in closed vs. open canopy sites in part due to calmer conditions. Heating efficacy in open canopy areas was reduced with increasing canopy complexity and size. Results of this study suggest the warming approach is scalable: it should work well in small-statured vegetation such as grasslands, desert, agricultural crops, and tree saplings (<5 m tall). © 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Citation statistics:
资源类型: 期刊论文
标识符: http://119.78.100.158/handle/2HF3EXSE/61686
Appears in Collections: 影响、适应和脆弱性
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作者单位: Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States; Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States; U.S. Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Maricopa, AZ, United States; Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW, Australia
Recommended Citation:
Rich R.L.,Stefanski A.,Montgomery R.A.,et al. Design and performance of combined infrared canopy and belowground warming in the B4WarmED (Boreal Forest Warming at an Ecotone in Danger) experiment[J]. Global Change Biology,2015-01-01,21(6)