DOI: 10.5194/tc-9-2271-2015
Scopus记录号: 2-s2.0-84946943257
论文题名: Verification of the multi-layer SNOWPACK model with different water transport schemes
作者: Wever N ; , Schmid L ; , Heilig A ; , Eisen O ; , Fierz C ; , Lehning M
刊名: Cryosphere
ISSN: 19940416
出版年: 2015
卷: 9, 期: 6 起始页码: 2271
结束页码: 2293
语种: 英语
英文关键词: computer simulation
; flow modeling
; meltwater
; numerical model
; Richards equation
; snow cover
; snow water equivalent
; snowpack
; winter
; Graubunden
; Switzerland
; Weissfluhjoch
英文摘要: The widely used detailed SNOWPACK model has undergone constant development over the years. A notable recent extension is the introduction of a Richards equation (RE) solver as an alternative for the bucket-type approach for describing water transport in the snow and soil layers. In addition, continuous updates of snow settling and new snow density parameterizations have changed model behavior. This study presents a detailed evaluation of model performance against a comprehensive multiyear data set from Weissfluhjoch near Davos, Switzerland. The data set is collected by automatic meteorological and snowpack measurements and manual snow profiles. During the main winter season, snow height (RMSE: < 4.2 cm), snow water equivalent (SWE, RMSE: < 40 mm w.e.), snow temperature distributions (typical deviation with measurements: < 1.0 °C) and snow density (typical deviation with observations: < 50 kg m-3) as well as their temporal evolution are well simulated in the model and the influence of the two water transport schemes is small. The RE approach reproduces internal differences over capillary barriers but fails to predict enough grain growth since the growth routines have been calibrated using the bucket scheme in the original SNOWPACK model. However, the agreement in both density and grain size is sufficient to parameterize the hydraulic properties successfully. In the melt season, a pronounced underestimation of typically 200 mm w.e. in SWE is found. The discrepancies between the simulations and the field data are generally larger than the differences between the two water transport schemes. Nevertheless, the detailed comparison of the internal snowpack structure shows that the timing of internal temperature and water dynamics is adequately and better represented with the new RE approach when compared to the conventional bucket scheme. On the contrary, the progress of the meltwater front in the snowpack as detected by radar and the temporal evolution of the vertical distribution of melt forms in manually observed snow profiles do not support this conclusion. This discrepancy suggests that the implementation of RE partly mimics preferential flow effects. © 2015 Author(s). Citation statistics:
资源类型: 期刊论文
标识符: http://119.78.100.158/handle/2HF3EXSE/75216
Appears in Collections: 影响、适应和脆弱性 气候变化与战略
There are no files associated with this item.
作者单位: WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Flüelastrasse 11, Davos Dorf, Switzerland; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany; University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
Recommended Citation:
Wever N,, Schmid L,, Heilig A,et al. Verification of the multi-layer SNOWPACK model with different water transport schemes[J]. Cryosphere,2015-01-01,9(6)