DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.09.062
Scopus记录号: 2-s2.0-84907993377
论文题名: A modeling analysis of alternative primary and secondary US ozone standards in urban and rural areas
作者: Nopmongcol U ; , Emery C ; , Sakulyanontvittaya T ; , Jung J ; , Knipping E ; , Yarwood G
刊名: Atmospheric Environment
ISSN: 0168-2563
EISSN: 1573-515X
出版年: 2014
卷: 99 起始页码: 266
结束页码: 276
语种: 英语
英文关键词: HDDM
; Ozone
; Photochemical modeling
; US emissions
; US ozone standard
; W126
Scopus关键词: HDDM
; Model analysis
; Ozone standards
; Photochemical modeling
; Urban and rural areas
; W126
; Ozone
; ozone
; environmental protection
; ozone
; pollution control
; pollution incidence
; rural area
; sensitivity analysis
; urban area
; air monitoring
; air quality
; air quality standard
; algorithm
; Article
; city
; high order decoupled direct method
; model
; photochemistry
; rural area
; sensitivity analysis
; urban area
; United States
Scopus学科分类: Environmental Science: Water Science and Technology
; Earth and Planetary Sciences: Earth-Surface Processes
; Environmental Science: Environmental Chemistry
英文摘要: This study employed the High-Order Decoupled Direct Method (HDDM) of sensitivity analysis in a photochemical grid model to determine US anthropogenic emissions reductions required from 2006 levels to meetalternative US primary (health-based) and secondary (welfare-based) ozone (O3) standards. Applying the modeling techniques developed by Yarwood etal. (2013), we specifically evaluated sector-wide emission reductions needed to meet primary standards in the range of 60-75ppb, and secondary standards in the range of 7-15ppm-h, in 22 cities and at 20 rural sites across the US for NOx-only, combined NOx and VOC, and VOC-only scenarios. Site-specific model biases were taken into account by applying adjustment factors separately for the primary and secondary standard metrics, analogous to the US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) relative response factor technique. Both bias-adjusted and unadjusted results are presented and analyzed. We found that the secondary metric does not necessarily respond to emission reductions the same way the primary metric does, indicating sensitivity to their different forms. Combined NOx and VOC reductions are most effective for cities, whereas NOx-only reductions are sufficient at rural sites. Most cities we examined require more than 50% US anthropogenic emission reductions from 2006 levels to meet the current primary 75ppb US standard and secondary 15ppm-htarget. Most rural sites require less than 20% reductions to meet the primary 75ppb standard and less than 40% reductions to meet the secondary 15ppm-htarget. Whether the primary standard is protective of the secondary standard depends on the combination of alternative standard levels. Our modeling suggests that the current 75ppb standard achieves a 15ppm-hsecondary target in most (17 of 22) cities, but only half of the rural sites; the inability for several western cities and rural areas to achieve the seasonally-summed secondary 15ppm-htarget while meeting the 75ppb primary target is likely driven by higher background O3 that is commonly reported in the western US. However, a 70ppb primary standard is protective of a 15ppm-hsecondary standard in all cities and 18 of 20 rural sites we examined, and a 60ppb primary standard is protective of a 7ppm-hsecondary standard in all cities and 19 of 20 rural sites. If EPA promulgates separate primary and secondary standards, exceedance areas will need to develop and demonstrate control strategies to achieve both. This HDDM analysis provides an illustrative screening assessment by which to estimate emissions reductions necessary to satisfy both standards. ndard is protective of 15ppm-hsecondary standard, and 60ppb is protective of 7ppm-h. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. Citation statistics:
资源类型: 期刊论文
标识符: http://119.78.100.158/handle/2HF3EXSE/80607
Appears in Collections: 气候变化事实与影响
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作者单位: ENVIRON International Corporation, 773 San Marin Dr., Suite 2115, Novato, CA, United States; Electric Power Research Institute, 3420 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA, United States
Recommended Citation:
Nopmongcol U,, Emery C,, Sakulyanontvittaya T,et al. A modeling analysis of alternative primary and secondary US ozone standards in urban and rural areas[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2014-01-01,99